Complete the following questions. Afterwards, use your textbook to find the correct answers.
1. Name the extremity muscles that are located on the back
2. Describe the location of the serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior muscles. To which group of muscles do these two belong. What is the motor innervation of these muscles. What is the action of these muscles?
3. Name and give locations of the deep muscles of the back(e.g., spinotransverse group, longitudinal group, transversospinalis group, and segmental group).
4. Describe the development of the vertebral column with reference to differentiation of the somite, reposititioning of sclerotome blocks, and the anatomy of the intervertebral disc.
5. List and define the main types of spina bifida
6. Define rachischisis, spondyloschisis, holorachischisis, and merorachischisis.
7. List, describe, and locate the ligaments of the vertebral column.
8. Name the anatomical structures that form the various boundaries of the vertebral canal.
9. Describe the arterial supply to the spinal cord. Include the arteries which originate in the cranium as well as those from the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions indicating the origins of each of these arteries.
10. Give examples of anomalous arteries sometimes supplying the spinal cord.
11. Describe the venous drainage of the spinal cord and the spinal canal.
12. Give the names of the meninges and their relationship to each other and to the other structures of vertebral canal.
13. Draw and label a typical mid-thoracic spinal nerve.
14. Discuss the anatomical differences between the typical spinal nerve and spinal nerves C1 and C2.
15. Name and give the origins, insertions, and motor innervations of the suboccipital muscles.
16. Give the boundaries and contents of the suboccipital triangle.
17. Name and give the origins, insertions, and motor innervations of the muscles that attach to the scapula.
18. Describe the rotator cuff /musculotendinous cuff listing all its parts and the actions of each part.
19. Define the quandrangular space and the triangular space and give the contents of each.
20. Describe the arterial supply to the shoulder/scapular region and discuss the collateral
circulation /anastomoses around the shoulder.
21. Name the arteries that arise from each of the three parts of the subclavian artery.
22. Name the arteries that arise from each of the three parts of the axillary artery.
23. Describe the gross anatomy and the lymphatic drainage of the breast.
24. Give the boundaries and contents of the axilla.
25. Draw and label the brachial plexus. Include the roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and
terminal branches.
26. Give the functions of each of the nerves of the brachial plexus.
27. Define and discuss upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron injuries and the type
of paralysis caused by each.
28. Describe the anatomy of peripheral nerves that make possible nerve regeneration in the
peripheral nervous system.
29. Define and discuss the following brachial plexus injuries: winged scapula, Erb’s palsy,
axillary nerve injury in humeral fractures, posterior cord injuries, Klumpke’s palsy,
median nerve injury at the wrist and at the elbow , radial nerve injuries in humeral
fractures, radial wrist drop, and Saturday night palsy.
30. Describe/discuss scalenus anticus syndrome, cervical rib, metastasis of cancer cells
from the lungs to the cervical lymph nodes(how does this effect the brachial plexus?),
and costoclavicular syndrome.
31. Name and give the origin, insertion, and motor nerve supply of the muscles of the
anterior arm, posterior arm, anterior forearm, posterior arm, and the hand.
32. Name the cutaneous nerves of the upper extremity. Give the origin and area of
coverage of each nerve.
33. Name and give the articulations of the carpals.
34. List the boundaries and contents of the anatomical snuffbox.
35. Discuss the arterial supply of the arm, forearm, and hand.
36. Discuss the arterial anastomoses around the elbow.
37. Discuss the arterial anastomoses in the hand.
38. Describe the origin and the termination of the cephalic vein and the basilic vein.
39. Describe the location and connections of the median cubital vein.
40. List the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons.
41. Give the cellular and matrix compositions of cartilage and bone.
42. Describe the types of development and growth seen in cartilage and bone.
43. List three types of joints found in the human body.
44. Define and give locations of the following types of fibrous joints; suture, syndesmosis,
gomphosis , schindylesis.
45. Name, describe, and locate two types of cartilage joints: synchondrosis and symphysis.
46. Describe the anatomy of the synovial joint.
47. List the functions of the synovial cells (synoviocytes).
48. Describe the anatomy and give an example and location for each of the following
types of synovial joints: plane, spheroid, bicondylar, ellipsoid, sellar, trochoid,
ginglymus, compound, and complex.
49. List the characteristics of articular cartilage.
50. Discuss the articulating parts, ligaments, movements, stability, joint type, locations of
each of the following joints: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular,
coracoacromial, glenohumeral, elbow, proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar,
radiocarpal, intercarpal, pisotriquetral, carpometacarpal of the thumb, carpometacarpal
of the four medial fingers, metacarpophalangeal of the thumb, and
metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal of the four medial fingers.
51. Describe the axis of the hand, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction of the fingers
and the thumb.
52. Identify all the bones of the pelvic girdle and the lower extremity.
53. Identify the osteological features of the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower extremity
which are pertinent to the origins and insertions of muscles, ligamentous attachments,
as well as nerve and vascular locations.
54. Give the origins, insertions, and nerve supply and actions of each of the muscles of
the gluteal region.
55. Define: Trendelenburg Sign.
56. Name the short external rotators of the thigh and explain how they assist humans in
locomotion.
57. Give the origins, insertions, nerve supply, and actions of the muscles of the
anterior thigh, medial thigh, and posterior thigh.
58. List the boundaries and the contents of the popliteal fossa.
59. Give the origins, insertions, nerve supply, and actions of the muscles of the lateral leg,
posterior leg, and anterior leg.
60. Give the origins, insertions, nerve supply, and actions of the muscles of the dorsal foot.
61. Give the origins, insertions, nerve supply, and actions of the muscles of the plantar
foot. It is customary to list these muscles by layer.
62. Define the midline of the foot.
63. Describe the location, course, and branches of the following arteries: femoral(common
femoral), deep femoral(profunda femoris), superficial femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial,
posterior tibial, peroneal(fibular), dorsalis pedis, lateral plantar, medial plantar.
64. Draw and label the lumbosacral plexus. Give the location, course, spinal cord levels
and structures innervated by each nerve in the plexus.
65. Give the location, articulating parts, associated ligaments, and movements related to
the following joints: hip, knee, superior and inferior talofibular, talocrural, subtalar,
and talocalcaneonavicular.
66. Explain “locking home “ of the knee.
67. Explain the “unhappy triad”/ “terrible triad”(O’Donoghue) of the knee.
68. Discuss inversion and eversion ankle sprains.
69. Describe the basic differences between dorsal and plantar intertarsal ligaments.
70. Give the location, attachments, and functions of the following ligaments: short
plantar ligament, long plantar ligament, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament(spring lig.).